Fibre optics

Investigating a Crime Scene Essay Example for Free

Exploring a Crime Scene Essay On TV shows like CSI, watchers get the opportunity to look as specialists find and gather proof at the area of a wrongdoing, causing blood to show up as though by enchantment and cleaning each mouth in the region. A considerable lot of us accept we have a truly decent grasp on the procedure, and talk has it lawbreakers are getting a hop on the heroes by utilizing the tips they get from these shows. In any case, does Hollywood hit the nail on the head? Do wrongdoing scene agents talk with suspects and catch the trouble makers, or is their activity about gathering physical proof? In this paper, I’ll look at how a wrongdoing scene examination truly happens. When working a wrongdoing scene there are numerous means that must happen all together for any examination to hold up in court. A legitimate examination can take hours, however the final product can prompt a conviction of the blameworthy and equity for victim’s families. The primary official at the wrongdoing scene ought to do all that they can to keep all proof in its unique state. The wrongdoing scene must be closed off quickly to maintain a strategic distance from any defilement or loss of proof. Limits ought to be built up for every zone of the scene that should be separated. This will incorporate any ways of passage or ways out and zones where proof has been disposed of or found. All zones of the wrongdoing scene ought to be closed off utilizing tape, ropes, or traffic cones. On the off chance that the wrongdoing occurred inside, a solitary room can be closed off contingent upon the spot of the wrongdoing and where it happened. Police blockades and monitors can help with making sure about the scene too. This is a decent method to screen the region to ensure no undesirable individuals traverse and cause loss of proof. This will incorporate officials that are not associated with the case, neighbors and the group of the person in question. Making sure about the wrongdoing scene must be done in an auspicious way and all people entering the scene ought to be recorded, and times of the passage ought to be taken also. Before anybody can enter the scene, the reacting official should initially set up a walk way. This is done to guarantee that no proof is being contacted and is off the beaten path before strolling into the scene. This will incorporate agents or clinical analysts that need to get to any casualties that might be harmed. When the wrongdoing scene has been closed off and made sure about, the specialists will process the territory. Right now a technique is established. This will begin the assessment of the region and documentation of all proof at the scene. A stroll through of the scene will occur by the lead specialist to build up how the scene was entered and left at the time that the wrongdoing occurred. When the purposes of section are built up, the specialist will locate the focal point of the scene utilizing the way that the main official set up. A wrongdoing scene is three dimensional so when advancing toward the focal point of the wrongdoing scene, proof will be found. It is the examiners duty to photo and record these things as they are seen. There are numerous inquiries that should be replied during the examination, for example, however not restricted to: did this wrongdoing include brutality, or are there any risky conditions that they ought to know about? The scene ought to be investigated as though attempting to assemble a riddle. Glancing around at objects in the wrongdoing scene can advise a ton with regards to the time the mishap happened or if objects appear as though they are absent. There are two classes a wrongdoing scene can fall under; one is an essential wrongdoing scene where the wrongdoing happened or an auxiliary wrongdoing scene where proof was taken to and is presently a piece of the wrongdoing scene. A war room should be instituted outside the wrongdoing scene. This is the place the examiners get their assignments, store the hardware that will be required or where they assemble to talk about or go over the case. Undertakings are allocated to the entirety of the agents which will guarantee that all parts of the territory are secured. Undertakings incorporate finding, preparing, getting to, capturing and outlining the proof at the scene. Looking through a wrongdoing scene and how a wrongdoing examination is done relies upon the size and zone of the scene being researched. The distinctive sort of wrongdoing that was submitted can have an extraordinary cost for how the examination is done also. While doing a pursuit of the wrongdoing scene, various types of blaze or enlightenment are utilized to show fingerprints, imprints or different things that might be assembled as proof. There are various examples in which a wrongdoing scene is explored or looked. Each example relies upon the scene and what sort of proof is suspected to be found at the scene. This could include: a line or strip search where two agents stroll in straight lines over the wrongdoing scene and quest for proof, a network search where specialists structure a lattice all through the scene making covering lines, a winding hunt where an examiner works in a winding movement from the external piece of the scene or the other way around, a wheel beam search which is finished by a gathering of specialists that move from the limit of the wrongdoing scene and work their way to the center of the scene, or a quadrant or zone search where the wrongdoing is separated into areas and is separated among agents and partitioned again to look through more altogether through that segment. While looking through a wrongdoing scene around evening time troubles will come up because of lighting. Limits of the scene are difficult to see when attempting to find proof. The inquiry of proof is controlled by every wrongdoing scene, in light of the fact that each wrongdoing is diverse in its own particular manner. Finding proof incorporates impressions, weapons, blood splash, follow filaments or hairs. At the point when a specialist finds proof everything ought to be recorded. Accurate area in notes, photographs and draws must be done, and all proof must be set apart with a proof marker once it is recorded. An inquiry will end when all proof is found. When a choice has been made that the examination has found some conclusion, the group will lead a last overview. This review will incorporate a diagram of the scene and all proof is gathered and stowed. Taking notes at a wrongdoing scene starts the second a specialist gets a call. All notes must be explicit. Notes should start with all the data of the individual who has brought in, the time the call was put and the entirety of the data that is given about the wrongdoing, just as the relegated case number that is given. At the point when an examiner shows up at the scene, date, time and all people present must be recorded. All notes ought to be in detail, and all developments that are taken ought to be reported. The lead specialist will do a walkthrough of the scene and right now notes are taken with subtleties of the state of the scene. All notes taken ought to be in blue or dark ink. Notes are imperative to the examination, and all notes ought to be taken at the scene and not surrendered over to memory. This guarantees all data is recorded and nothing remains out. Notes ought to incorporate all documentation of the people in question, witnesses, proof gathered, undertakings being performed, and when and how an item is bundled. There ought to be no assignment, detail or development forgot about when taking notes at a wrongdoing scene. Shooting a wrongdoing scene is critical in a wrongdoing scene examination, and ought to be of high caliber and clear. These photographs will be utilized in court, so when taking the photographs you have to remember that the individual or people seeing the photographs ought to have the option to comprehend where the photographs were taken and ought to have the option to recount to the story through them. The general zone of the scene should initially be captured, for example, road signs, road lights, addresses, and recognizing objects. Photographs ought to be taken a clockwise way to keep any data from being forgotten about. Various focal points ought to be utilized while capturing various pieces of the scene just as various enlightenments, flashes and channels. The principal photograph should comprise of a photography log that incorporates that case number, kind of scene, date, area of scene, sort of camera utilized, picture takers name and title. Photographs ought to be of the scene before it has been changed in any capacity. The photographs ought to incorporate the territory that the wrongdoing occurred, and zones where different acts happened. Pictures ought to be taken from the outside of the scene progressing in the direction of the center of the scene. The picture taker must be steady when working through the scene as this will guarantee that all proof is captured from all edges and nothing remains out. Photographs ought to include: outline photos which comprise of the whole scene and encompassing region. These photographs incorporate all ways out and sections, and should begin from the outside of the scene and in all edges. Also, medium range photos which show littler territories of the wrongdoing scene. These photographs ought to be taken with proof markers. Drawing the wrongdoing scene is done after all notes and photos are taken of the scene. A sketch will show the design of the territory or house where the wrongdoing was submitted, just as where the proof was found. It is utilized to back up all notes and photos effectively taken. All parts of a wrongdoing scene will be appeared in court and used to convict the blameworthy; in this way, it is critical that all means of the examination are followed precisely and with however much detail as could be expected to guarantee that equity can be served.

Research Paper Outline Examples

Research Paper Outline ExamplesA research paper outline is a key part of your work, and this article will give you an outline example for research paper. It is often the case that students and even many professors are confused by the many different types of outlines. Here we look at three important types of outline examples to help you become familiar with what each one represents.The first type of outline example for research paper outlines the main ideas of the paper in boldface text. You will usually see this used with computer science papers, where the author is going over a mathematical or logical problem or concept. The introduction and conclusion paragraphs are the same in most cases, and most outlines will also have an index. The main idea of the paper is generally placed in the first paragraph of the introduction.The second outline example for research paper can be a bit more varied. Often the outline will include a section that covers a summary of the main points of the pap er. If the student has already worked through the main points, then this section can be taken out if it does not fit.The third outline example for research paper will typically have all the main points of the paper outlined in bulleted form. This is useful for students who have summarised their main points in a document or online presentation, but can also be useful for students who need more space. This type of outline is useful for summarising the main points of a long paper or report.The main purpose of an outline example for research paper is to help you get a better idea of what the outline will look like, and what the paper will look like once the writing is complete. An outline for a paper is not only about the writing style. It can also include ideas and perspectives that students will want to take into account when writing their paper. This is especially true if there are not clear guidelines for what kind of formatting to use.The format that you should use for a research p aper is usually a standard five-column font that is in the 'Times New Roman' format. This means that the first two columns will be the title of the paper, the third column will be the title of the author and the fourth column will have the date that the paper was written. This format is the most common for English language documents.The reason why there is such a wide range of formatting in an outline example for research paper is because each writing style and situation require different formats. Students who are working on more lengthy papers often prefer more formal writing style, whereas those who are writing for a short report may find that they do not need as much detail. It is also important to remember that the outline should be kept concise, although it is important to avoid being too short.The purpose of the outline example for research paper is to give you an idea of what the paper will look like once it is completed. Many times this will consist of just the introduction and conclusion. The purpose of the outline is to give you a good idea of what the paper will look like, and how it should be structured.

Oliver Wendell HolmesView On The Relationship Between The...

A substantial debate regarding the law’s relationship with morality exists within the legal system. This debate gained new perspective when Oliver Wendell Holmes published The Path of Law in 1897. This work outlined Holmes’ view on the relationship between the law and morality. This paper will first consider whether or not Holmes believed that a writing must be moral in order to constitute a law. Next, the paper will explore my general agreement with Holmes’ view on this matter. Then, the paper will consider the best objection to my agreement with Holmes, and reply to that objection. Finally, the paper will end by drawing conclusions from the discussion of the relationship between morality and law. In this paper, I will argue that Holmes†¦show more content†¦These predictions are often guided by past legal decisions (Holmes, 183). This view of the law compliments Holmes view of the purpose of the law, as both are pragmatic approaches. With a solid unders tanding of the nature of law according to Holmes, one may now determine whether or not Holmes viewed morality as a necessary condition for a writing to be considered a law. Based on the nature of the law outlined by Holmes, one can conclude that Holmes did not believe that a writing must be moral in order to constitute a law. As we have seen, the law is nothing more than a mechanism of prediction (Holmes, 184). Moreover, a writing does not have to be grounded in morality in order to be considered a law, it just has to play a role in the prediction mechanism. Holmes goes so far to say that moral language confuses the distinction between morality and law (183). Furthermore, he says that he â€Å"often doubt[s] [whether] it would not be a gain if every word of moral significance could be banished from the law altogether† (Holmes, 185). This is in spite of the fact that Holmes notes that the law â€Å"tends to make good citizens and [morally] good men† (183). Moreover, Holmes also states that the law shows us the history and progression of morality in humans (183). These two facts show that Holmes’ view of the law leaves a role for mora lity to play. More specifically, knowledge of the culturally accepted morality of the day

Abstract. Project Management Is An Essential Tool Which

Abstract Project management is an essential tool which benefits businesses. There are numerous positions relating to it, but is it enough to categorize it as a profession? The introduction will provide some essential definition and remind us what is the project management about. Then, I will develop two opposed point of view on this matter, the first one answering negatively and the second one positively to the question asked above. The outlook will be defined progressively by providing some elements required to be a project management practitioner, while keeping in mind the two current of thoughts. Introduction Project management is the discipline of initiating, planning, executing, controlling, and closing the work done by a team to†¦show more content†¦In 2008, the United Kingdom’s Association for Project Management (APM), was denied by the Privy Council for the application of the Royal Chartered status, an act that would recognize project management as a legal profession. This rejection poses a greater problem: Is it really true that project management is a profession that that be compared to teaching or medicine? Are the previously cited organizations biased in their assumptions? When technical people involved as project managers are asked this question, most of them will certainly answer by saying that they might not describe themselves as project managers. For them, project management is a methodology they will use to deliver their projects. A basketball player who is highly competent and earning a living at what most do for a hobby will be entitled as a professional. However, meeting these criteria does not mean than basketball is a profession although such a player might call it his profession, his job. In my opinion this is a false logic, project management is not a profession but a process as it scored less than 34 out of a possible 100 points when assessed against 22 attributes defined by Zwerman and Thomas et al during a study funded in part by PMI and published in 2004. They reached the conclusion that project management is not a profession and will likely not be one in the foreseeable future. To become a profession, one must be able to define and control the body of knowledge. TheShow MoreRelatedPlanning At Different Levels, Project Planning, And The Drawbacks Of Poor Strategic Planning1268 Words   |  6 Pages Planning Planning within an organization is essential as it is the first of five managerial functions. Simply put, planning includes what an organization should do and how to do it. Without planning a manager may not organize, staff, lead, or control the organization efficiently and effectively. Throughout this paper I would like to discuss strategic planning, planning at different levels, project planning, and the drawbacks of poor strategic planning. According to the textbook strategic planningRead MoreSystem Development Life Cycle1335 Words   |  6 Pagesof process that is followed in implementing a computer-based information system subsystem. âž ¢ Also known as Systems life cycles, Systems Development Methodology, Project Life Cycle, and Methodology. Participants: âž ¢ Their participation depends on the strategic value of the project. âž ¢ Systems Analyst. âž ¢ Database Administrator. âž ¢ Network Specialist. âž ¢ Programmer âž ¢ Operations Personnel Read MoreSystem Development Life Cycle1351 Words   |  6 Pagesevolution of process that is followed in implementing a computer-based information system subsystem. âž ¢ Also known as Systems life cycles, Systems Development Methodology, Project Life Cycle, and Methodology. 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Auditing Theory and Practice in Several Factors

Question: Discuss about the Auditing Theory and Practice in Several Factors. Answer: Introduction Audit risk is defined as any form of risk in which an auditor expresses an inappropriate opinion related to the financial statements. The measurement of the audit risk consists of the inherent risk factors, control risk and the detection of the uncertainties prevalent in the financial reports. The most noted form of inappropriate audit reporting is mainly observed in issuing of unqualified audit report in which the qualification has been justified reasonably. The control risks are related to the misstatements that may be corrected, detected or prevented through the internal control mechanism. The control risk assessment may arise due to inappropriate separation of the duties and inappropriate definition of the same. There have been several inherent risk factors observed mainly due to the likelihood of different types of material misstatements, which leads to fraud or error before considering the effectiveness of the internal control system. In several cases, an auditor is unable to d etect the misstatements, which leads to instability in the financial statements (Accounting-simplified.com. 2016). As stated by McNeil, Frey and Embrechts (2015), the study of audit risk is primarily conceptual in nature when the comparison is made with other accounting courses. In order to be more successful in knowing the level of allowable audit risk and auditor should emphasize the learning based on conceptual framework of accounting and apply the auditing concepts different scenarios and circumstances. In order to assess the various types of level of risk which can be accepted the information has been sourced from the International Federation of Accountants and International Accounting Standards Board. The major phases in assessment of the level of audit risk involves clients acceptance in continuance and establishment in terms of the engagement of audit risk, planning of audit and integration of internal control system. An auditor can consider the level of materiality by ensuring the independence in the audit team and fulfillment of the audit engagement requirements (AccountingWEB. 2014). Discussion The purpose of conduction of initial audit is intended to provide a reasonable amount of assurance of the integrity and accuracy of the financial statements. The main purpose is to ascertain the different types of risk involved in preparing a report and provide assurance and avoidance of using excessive time, cost involved in performance which may outweigh the gains from the derived or the results. The external audit is prepared to ensure that the financial statements are free from any errors and material misstatements. It also ensures that the tax authorities can rely on the statements to determine the accuracy during tax returns. The financial institutions reports finalizes and assess the credit risk related to financial position and liquidity. The management of the firm considers exercising risk management procedures and internal control systems with the help of different types of feedback given by external auditors during the course of audit process. Hence, the audit report is de signed to increase the reliance of the users of the audit report has the process has to go through several procedures in the audit process (Accaglobal. 2016). As per the requirements under International Standards on Auditing (ISA) 315, and auditor needs to understand the entity and the environment before accessing the risks related to material misstatement and developing of the responses to address the issues. The assessment of audit risk procedure consists of four processes. A company and the sector in which it operates relate the first process to the understanding of business operations of the firm. The second processes related to the understanding of different types of financial difficulties which can be faced by the firm and also taking into consideration the risks faced by clients. The third stage of the process involves the assessment of various types of material misstatements as a result of business states and the final process in the level of risk assessment involves responding to the risks and addressing it on the basis of a report (Accounting-simplified.com. 2016). According to Geiger, Raghunandan, and Riccardi (2013), the likelihood of financial risk due to the going concern may be related to the past difficulties of the company in procuring external finance and complying with the covenants and the related terms. The risks are also related to the requirement of working capital for maintaining seasonal fluctuations in the demand. In several types of cases that it is been seen that the risks are due to finance facilities which are yet to be renewed but not agreed and moreover the management had not planned for any alternatives for the extension of present facilities. In different cases management has plans to sell the assets in order to overcome the financial difficulties but the values included may not be realized and in case that assets will not be sold or the realized value would be lower, may not be sufficient for the company to overcome the financial difficulties. The going concern risks are also due to the uncertainty and volatility in the future cash flows. Several industries has shown falling the sales due to the credit crisis and although different industries have been affected, the unpredictable nature pertaining to the environment makes it further difficult for the companies to forecast the shortfall in cash and assure adequate availability of cash requirements. In several cases, the entities of financial statements are dependent on the key suppliers and hence situations when supplies face the difficulties supplying of essential raw materials the company needs to spend more time for sourcing of suitable supplier (Pcaobus.org. 2016). According to Sadgrove (2016), in order to focus the fair value factors of the risk assessment is based on the nonexistence of active market, which is required for the valuation purposes. In some cases, the impairment in the noncurrent assets section require additional expertise to assess the high risk valuation in the material misstatements. The auditor also needs to consider different types of strategic risks, which may have a direct impact on the financial statement. This type of strategic risk may be obvious due to the price competition of the goods and it would require higher amount of rent and operating cost in order to cope up with the price competition and create a downward pressure on the prices (Boone, Khurana, and Raman, 2014). In terms of the risk related to systems and controls auditor should consider designing of the effectiveness related to operational controls and address the different types of identified risks parameters. The auditors should be able to ensure that the companys documentation and systems has been properly evaluated and the accounting department has taken into consideration the contingent factors while preparing the financial statements. Some of the other financial risk factors, which need to be considered by preparing audit report, include impairment in the assets, which are held for the purpose of fair value assessment. In several cases, the customers are likely to face difficulties related to finance for high level of receivables and hence it will be the irrecoverable in future. In several cases the impairments of the carrying value as did not affect the financial statement should not be capitalized when considering the non-purchased goodwill amount (Pcaobus.org. 2016). The International Standard on Auditing (ISA) is responsible to identify and make the assessment for different types of material misstatement, which has been stated in the financial statement during an audit report. The assertions are based on the representation by the management of the firms, which may be explicit and used by the auditor for considering the various types of potentiality in terms of the misstatements, which may occur, in the financial report. As per thy is the definition on business risk, it is considered as the risk can arise from significant events and have an adverse effect on the ability to achieve and execute the different strategies and objectives of the business (Nicolaescu 2013). In several cases, the internal control risk has been seen by management and other personnel in achievement of the entities objective and reliability of financial reporting to find the efficiency and effectiveness to comply with the applicable laws and regulations (Ifac.org. 2016). Conclusion Hence, it can be concluded by saying that the level of audit risk feature an auditor is willing to take is based on the significance of the risk. The significance levels of the risks are considered with the material misstatements, which are related to entities risk assessment process for the various types of the identified risk factors. An auditor shall be able to identify the financial risk level based on financial statement level of the company (ISA para A105-A108). The auditor needs to identify the risk level and decide whether the information obtained is related to the purpose of the present audit process. This is because the changes in the control of environment is relevant in obtaining the high standard of audit results and this may require an auditor to make inquiries and perform appropriately to include relevant systems of auditing procedure. In several cases due to the nature of special-purpose, entities in form of corporate trust or partnership entity the audit process may take into consideration several exclusions during assessing material misstatements. The most common type of risk is observed due to non-routine transactions or risk related due to judgmental matters. The non-routine transactions are related to the unusual risks, which may arise either due to the size on nature of the business. Reference List Accaglobal. (2016). Audit planning in difficult times | ACCA Global. [online] Accaglobal.com. Available at: https://www.accaglobal.com/in/en/discover/cpd-articles/audit-assurance/difficult-times.html [Accessed 21 Sep. 2016]. Accounting-simplified.com. (2016). Audit Risk Model | Inherent Risk, Control Risk Detection Risk. [online] Available at: https://accounting-simplified.com/audit/risk-assessment/audit-risk.html [Accessed 21 Sep. 2016]. Accounting-simplified.com. (2016). Purpose Objective of Auditing Financial Statements. [online] Available at: https://accounting-simplified.com/audit/introduction/purpose-of-audit.html [Accessed 21 Sep. 2016]. AccountingWEB. (2014). Top 10 audit problems revisited. [online] Available at: https://www.accountingweb.co.uk/business/financial-reporting/top-10-audit-problems-revisited [Accessed 21 Sep. 2016]. Boone, J.P., Khurana, I.K. and Raman, K.K., 2014. Did the 2007 PCAOB Disciplinary Order against Deloitte Impose Actual Costs on the Firm or Improve Its Audit Quality?.The Accounting Review,90(2), pp.405-441. Ettredge, M., Fuerherm, E.E. and Li, C., 2014. Fee pressure and audit quality.Accounting, Organizations and Society,39(4), pp.247-263. McNeil, A.J., Frey, R. and Embrechts, P., 2015.Quantitative risk management: Concepts, techniques and tools. Princeton university press. Nicolaescu, E., 2013. Understanding Risk Factors for Weaknesses in Internal Controls over Financial Reporting.Psychosociological Issues in Human Resource Management,1(3), pp.38-44. Pcaobus.org. (2016). AU 312 Audit Risk and Materiality in Conducting an Audit . [online] Available at: https://pcaobus.org/Standards/Auditing/pages/au312.aspx [Accessed 21 Sep. 2016]. Pcaobus.org. (2016). AU Section 9312 - Audit Risk and Materiality in Conducting an Audit: Auditing Interpretations of Section 312 . [online] Available at: https://pcaobus.org/Standards/Auditing/Pages/AU9312.aspx [Accessed 21 Sep. 2016]. Sadgrove, K., 2016.The complete guide to business risk management. Routledge. Geiger, M.A., Raghunandan, K. and Riccardi, W., 2013. The global financial crisis: US bankruptcies and going-concern audit opinions.Accounting Horizons,28(1), pp.59-75.

Theories of Addiction General Counseling Methods

General counseling methods There are numerous counseling methods applicable in the treatment of addictions. They are helpful in establishing critical treatment methods meant to curb the aspects of drug abuse and the alleged addictions. One of the general counseling methods applicable in this context is the motivational interviewing.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of Addiction: General Counseling Methods specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Drug addicts require well-orchestrated counseling mechanisms that will enhance their willingness to quit drug abuse and the characterizing addiction. Motivational interviewing tends to unveil the issues related to drug addiction and formulate strategies that can motivate drug addicts to quite the vice (Peele, 1998). Another treatment method is the Cognitive-Behavioral Theory (CBT). CBT addresses all emotional, behavioral, and cognitive dysfunctions usually experienced by drug addicts. This makes the method quite relevant and applicable as a treatment method in the entire context. The two methods chosen are useful in the addiction treatment due to their applicability, convenience, relevancy, and conventionality in counseling and addressing the provisions of drug addiction. Dry Drunk Syndrome Dry Drunk Syndrome refers to a situation where one seems drunk even without taking any alcohol (experiences alcoholic lapse). The situation is evident among addicted individuals who usually experience withdrawal symptoms after quitting the concerned drug. The alcoholic retains mental and behavioral characters connected with drunkenness (DeSena, 2005). This occurs even when he/she has not drunk alcohol. This syndrome relates perfectly with most of the theories studied in this module. Theoretically, addicted individuals or those who have consumed alcohol for long might face mental problems thus exhibiting behaviors related to drunkenness even if they have not taken alcohol. This relates to the aspects of addiction mentioned earlier in the paper. A situation of an ex-smoker who socially smokes An ex-smoker who socially smokes is probably enhancing his or her smoking behaviors again. It is important to understand that despite him or her quitting smoking, the fact that he/she occasionally smokes is devastating. His body system might rekindle the smoking behavior hence posing a considerable threat to his/her wellbeing. This is a very important consideration in various aspects. There is a substantial root of addiction in this situation. Biologically, the body system of this ex-smoker will start registering the chemicals (nicotine) presented to it by the cigarette hence triggering the aspects of addiction.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The body will need the chemical in order to operate fully. Additionally, the situation might trigger the withdraw al symptoms associated with smoking hence necessitating him/her to smoke again (Peele, 1998). Psychologically, the concerned ex-smoker might develop a system where he/she enjoys social smoking hence must do it daily. This triggers the aspects of addiction by submitting to the psychological needs. Lindesmith’s Conditioning Model The study of addiction affects societal perceptions on addiction in numerous ways. The study demonstrates the cognitive aspects of addiction plus other related psychological concerns in this context. Illuminating extensively on the scientific and psychological prospects of addiction can reform how the society perceives it. This is an important consideration in various contexts. According to Lindesmith, the society will be able to perceive addiction differently hence making approaches in fighting/preventing the vice (Peele, 1998). Concurrently, it is important to agree that addiction has been over-diagnosed in the US’s culture as claimed. There a re various instances of the vice despite the efforts to eradicate it. Additionally, various people in the society including the youth have indulged into drug abuse and addiction. Conclusively, the outline of a ‘successful theory of addiction’ is adequate due to its applicability, appropriateness, conventionality, and efficiency in discerning the aspects of addiction. References DeSena, J. (2005). Overcoming your alcohol, drug and recovery habits: An empowering alternative to AA and 12-step treatment. Tuscan, Arizona: See Sharp Press. Peele, S. (1998). The meaning of addiction: An unconventional view. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers. This essay on Theories of Addiction: General Counseling Methods was written and submitted by user Barbara Berry to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.